1. 语气的定义和种类
（1）语气的定义
语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
（2）语气的种类
A. 陈述语气
表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。
We are not ready.
Did it rain all day yesterday?
What a fine day today！
B. 祈使语气
表使说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。
Be careful.
Don’t forget to close the window.
Open the door, please.
C. 虚拟语气
表使动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
2. 虚拟语气
（1）辨别if 引导真实条件句和if引导的虚拟条件句的区别
If he has time, he will go with us.= Probably he has time and will go with us.
If he had time, he would go with us.=But in fact he has no time.
（2）虚拟条件句中主句和从句的谓与动词构成形式如下表
|
|
if条件句中的谓与动词 |
主句的谓与动词 |
|
与现在的事实相反 |
1. 行为动词用did 形式 2. be动词用were |
should would could + 动词原形 might |
|
与过去的事实相反 |
had + done |
should would could + have + done might |
|
与将来的事实相反 |
1. 行为动词用did 2. should + 动词原形 3. were to + 动词原形 |
should would could + 动词原形 might |
（3）混合时间的虚拟语气
如果条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生，主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整。
1. If I had received the passport yesterday, I would start today.
2. If he had telephoned me last night, I would see him now.
3. If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be all right now.
4. If China had not been liberated, the working people would still be leading a miserable life.
5. If he had listened to me, he ______ be in such trouble now.
A. haven’t B. would not
C. had not D. would haven’t
答案：5. B
（4）should/ could / might/ ought to + have done 表示“过去本应该/可以做而实际上却没做”
needn’t have done 表示“过去没必要作而实际上做了”
1. Wang Fang _______ college last year. Unfortunately, he couldn’t take the examinations because of a sudden illness.
A. could go B did go
C. could have gone D. must have gone
2. The plant is dead. I _______ it more water.
A. will give B. would have gone
C. must give D. should have gone
3. I could have done better if I ________ more time.
A. have had B. had
C. had had D. will have had
4. He ______ told you that.
A. needs not have B. needn’t have
C. needn’t has D. will have had
5. You ________ it to your father. Why not？
A. would tell B. should tell
C. would have told D. should have told
6. Even if you had not been able to come last week, you ______ us know.
A. shall have let B. had let
C. have had let D. should have let
答案：
1—6 CDCBDD
（5）虚拟语气中的倒装句
如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有were, had, could, should，有时可将if省去，而将条件从句的主语置于were, had, should, could 之后。
Had you invited us, we would have come to your party.
Were I you, I would do more practice after class.
Could she lend us a helping hand, she would do so.
1. _________ he would have succeeded in the examination.
A. Had he worked hard
B. If he worked hard
C. If he works hard
D. If he has worked hard
2. _______ it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
A. Should B. Be C. Were D. Will
3. _______, he would teach us how to solve the problem.
A. Were he here B. Was he here
C. If he is D. Is he here
4. _________, we should be glad.
A. Were they to arrive tomorrow
B. They were to arrive tomorrow
C. They would arrive tomorrow
D. They arrive tomorrow
5. _______ the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily.
A .Were it not for B. If it had not been for
C. If it were not D. Had it not been for
答案：
1—5 AAAAA
（6）wish 后面的宾语从句的谓语动词应使用虚拟语气， 表示“可惜…；….就好了； 悔不该…； 但愿…。”
|
主句谓语 |
从句谓语 |
|
|
wish |
时态 |
谓语动词的形式 |
|
现在时 表示与wish同时发生 |
动词用过去时 be动词用were |
|
|
过去时 表示在wish之前发生的动作 |
动词用had done be用had been |
|
|
将来时 表示在wish之后发生的动作 |
动词用would do; should do be 用 would be ; should be |
|
1. I wish I knew the key to the answer.
2. I wish I were ten years younger.
3. I wish that I had gone to the football match last week.
4. I wish that you had been here yesterday.
5. He wishes that we would visit the old school.
6. How I wish these boys would be quiet.
7. I wish I _______ you yesterday.
A. saw B. did see C. had seen D. were to see
8. —Have you visited the Science Museum?
—No, but I really wish I _______.
A. will B. have C. did D. had
9. I wish that the rain ______ stop.
A. will B. would C may D. can
答案：
7—9 CDB
（7）表示命令或建议动词suggest, insist, propose, desire, demand, request, order, command 后的宾语从句中应使用虚拟 should +动词原形； should 不可用would 来替代; 主句所使用的动词时态不限。
1. The teacher insisted that every student _______ every other line.
A. writes B. write C. would write D. wrote
2. Jack’s father insists ______ in this hotel.
A. not staying B not to stay
C. that he not stay D. staying not
3. They insisted that you _______ them a quick answer.
A. should give B. gave
C. must give D. would give
4. The guard at the gate insisted that everybody _______ the rules.
A. obeys B. obey C. will obey D. would obey
答案：
1—4 BCAB
（8）suggest 为“建议去做…; 命令…”从句用should + do
为“ 说明； 暗示”, 从句用过去时或过去完成时。
1. The doctor suggested that I should take the medicine three times a day.
2. The doctor suggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold.
3. The expression on her face suggests that she knew the secret.
4. They suggested that these books ______ at once.
A. should take away
B. would be taken away
C. be taken away
D. take away
5. I suggested a meeting _______ to discuss the matter.
A. will be held B. would be held
C. should hold D. be held
6. His silence at the meeting suggested ________ to your plan.
A. didn’t agree B. hadn’t agreed
C. wouldn’t agree D. shouldn’t agree
答案：
4—6 CDA
（9）insist “坚持要去做…，坚持应该去做”，从句用should + do
为“坚持表明，坚持说/解释”， 从句用过去时或过去完成时。
1. She insisted that she ______ ill of him behind him, but he didn’t believe.
A. hadn’t spoken B. shouldn’t speak
C. wouldn’t speak D. not speak
2. He insisted that we ______ the boy to hospital.
A. take B. took C. would take D. will take
3. He insisted that he _______ our car.
A. should steal B. would steal
C. hadn’t stolen D. steal
4. The teacher commanded that all his students ______ their homework after class.
A. would hand in B. should hand in
C. handed in D. might hand in
5. The workers requested that their working conditions ______.
A. must be improved B. be improved
C. would be improved D. were improved
6. They required that the crops _______ harvested at once.
A. should be B. be
C. are D. must be
答案：
1—6 BACBBA
（10）虚拟语气也用于表语从句和主语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea 等。表语从句中的谓语动词是should +动词原型，should 可以省略。
1. His suggestion is that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the question again.
2. My advice is that we should start at five tomorrow morning.
3. The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students _______ two weeks to prepare for the exam.
A. give B. should give
C. be given D. would be given
4. Their demand is that their wages ______ increased by 20%.
A. be B. should C. will be D. must be
5. It is suggested that the meeting ______ place at 8 o’clock.
A. be taken B. take
C. would take D. should be taken
6. It is suggested that we _______ a lot of trees along the river.
A. should be planted B . would plant
C. should plant D. could plant
答案：
3—6 CABC
（11）在主语从句中，当从句用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜等，从句的谓语动词用需拟语气形式。其谓语动词时should + 动词原型， 或should 省略。
It is necessary that…
It is important that…
It is natural that…
It is strange that…
It is surprising that…
It is impossible that…
It is great pity that…
It will be better that…
It is suggested that…
It is ordered that….
It is demanded that…
1. It is really surprising that the girl _______ so early.
A. has married B. had married
C. marry D. will marry
2. is necessary that you ______ present at the discussion.
A. will be B. are
C. should be D. be
3. He has been studying so hard. It is natural that he ______ tomorrow exam.
A. passed B. have passed
C. will be D should pass
4. It is demanded that the polluted water ______ clean.
A. should make B should be made
C. would make D would be made
答案：
1—4 CCDB
【模拟试题】
1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _________ much easier.
A. will be B. would have been
C. could have been D. would be
2. If I _____ you, I’d join the army.
A. am B. was C. were D. would be
3. If he _______ tomorrow, he would find Mr Wang in the office.
A. comes B. will come C. should come D. come
4. If it _______ next week , the crops would be saved.
A. rains B. will rains C. would rain D. should rain
5. If I _______ it, I would do it in a different way.
A. were to do B. do C. had done D. was to do
6. Supposing the weather ________ bad, where would you go ?
A. is B. will be C. were D. be
7. If he had worked harder, he _________.
A. would succeed B. had succeeded
C. should succeed D. would have succeeded
8. If he ________, he _________ that food.
A. was warned; would not take
B. had been warned; would not have taken
C. would be warned; had not taken
D. would have been warned; had not taken
9. If my lawyer _________ here last Saturday, he _______ me from going.
A. had been; would have prevented
B. had been; would prevent
C. were; would prevent
D. were; would have prevented
10. If he ______ it, he _______ it.
A. had seen; could have believed B. saw; couldn’t believe
C. saw; couldn’t have believed D. has seen; had believed
11. —Do you think the thief entered through the window?
—No, if he had, I don’t believe, _______ broken the living-room’s window.
A. he would have B. he must have
C. he had D. should he have
12. —Did you go swimming last Sunday?
—No. We would have gone ______ nicer.
A. if the weather was
B. would the weather have been
C. had the weather been
D. should the weather be
13. ______ it ______ for your help, I couldn’t have made any progress.
A. Had; not been B. Should; not been
C. Did; not been D. Not; been
14. _______ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would have left B. Was he leaving
C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
15. It is ordered that a new bridge ______ over the wide river.
A. should be built B. would built
C. will be built D. built
[参考答案]
1—5 DCCDA 6—10 CDBAA
11—15 DCACA
